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Division of Experimental Orthopaedics, Orthopaedic Clinic, University of Heidelberg, Germany
Key Words. Intervertebral disc • Articular cartilage • Adult bone marrow stem cells • Chondrogenic induction • Gene expression
Correspondence: Dr. Wiltrud Richter, Division of Experimental Orthopaedics, Orthopaedic Clinic, University of Heidelberg, Schlierbacher Landstr. 200a, D-69118 Heidelberg, Germany. Telephone: 49-6221-969254; Fax: 49-6221-969288; e-mail: Wiltrud.Richter{at}ok.uni-heidelberg.de
The potential of adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to differentiate towards cartilage, bone, adipose tissue, or muscle is well established. However, the capacity of MSCs to differentiate towards intervertebral disc (IVD)-like cells is unknown. The aim of this study was to compare the molecular phenotype of human IVD cells and articular chondrocytes and to analyze whether mesenchymal stem cells can differentiate towards both cell types after transforming growth factor ß (TGFß)-mediated induction in vitro.
Bone marrow–derived MSCs were differentiated in spheroid culture towards the chondrogenic lineage in the presence of TGFß3 dexamethasone, and ascorbate. A customized cDNA-array comprising 45 cartilage–, bone–, and stem cell–relevant genes was used to quantify gene expression profiles.
After TGFß-mediated differentiation, MSC spheroids turned positive for collagen type II protein and expressed a large panel of genes characteristic for chondrocytes, including aggrecan, decorin, fibromodulin, and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein, although at levels closer to IVD tissue than to hyaline articular cartilage. Like IVD tissue, the spheroids were strongly positive for collagen type I and osteopontin. MSC spheroids expressed more differentiation markers at higher levels than culture-expanded IVD cells and chondrocytes, which both dedifferentiated in monolayer culture.
In conclusion, mesenchymal stem cells adopted a gene expression profile that resembled native IVD tissue more closely than native joint cartilage. Thus, these cells may represent an attractive source from which to obtain IVD-like cells, whereas modification of culture conditions is required to approach the molecular phenotype of chondrocytes in hyaline cartilage.
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