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Research Service and Geriatrics Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, Florida, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
Key Words. Chondrogenesis • Adult bone marrow stem cells • TGF-ß receptor • TGF-ß1 • Gene expression • Mesenchymal stem cell
Correspondence: Herman S. Cheung, Ph.D., Research Service, Miami VA Medical Center, 1201 NW 16th Street, Miami, Florida 33125, USA. Telephone: 305-575-3388; Fax: 305-575-3365; e-mail: hcheung{at}med.miami.edu
Our recent study suggested that cyclic compressive loading may promote chondrogenesis of rabbit bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) in agarose cultures through the transforming growth factor (TGF)–ß signaling pathway. It has been shown that the activating protein 1 (AP-1) (Jun-Fos) complex mediated autoinduction of TGF-ß1 and its binding activity was essential for promoting chondrogenesis of mesenchymal cells, whereas Sox9 was identified as an essential transcription factor for chondrogenesis of embryonic mesenchymal cells. The objective of this study was to examine temporal expression patterns of early responsive genes (Sox9, c-Fos, c-Jun, and TGF-ß type I and II receptors) and induction of their corresponding proteins in agarose culture of rabbit BM-MSCs subjected to cyclic compressive loading. The rabbit BM-MSCs were obtained from the tibias and femurs of New Zealand White rabbits. Cell-agarose constructs were made by suspending BM-MSCs in 2% agarose gel (107 cells/ml) for cyclic, unconfined compression tests performed in a custom-made bioreactor. In the loading experiment, specimens were subjected to sinusoidal loading with a magnitude of 15% strain at a frequency of 1 hertz for 4 hours per day. Experiments were conducted for 2 consecutive days. This study showed that cyclic compressive loading promoted gene expressions of Sox9, c-Jun, and both TGF-ß receptors and productions of their corresponding proteins, whereas those gene expressions exhibited different temporal expression patterns among genes and between 2 days of testing. The gene expression of c-Fos was detected only in the samples subjected to1-hour dynamic compressive loading. These findings suggest that the TGF-ß signal transduction and activities of AP-1 and Sox9 are involved in the early stage of BM-MSC chondrogenesis promoted by dynamic compressive loading.
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